Objectives

Learning Objectives 2

Digestion & Absorption of Proteins & Carbohydrates

1. Delineate the roles of gastric acid during digestion in the stomach.

2 List and distinguish the proteases involved in gastric, pancreatic, brush border surface and intracellular cleavage of peptide bonds; define their specificity in general terms.

3. Describe the absorption of proteins and the five transport systems.

4. Explain the physiology of celiac sprue, cystinuria and Hartnup disease

5. Compare and contrast the two polysaccharides of starch, amylose and amylopectin.

6. List the products of starch digestion by salivary and pancreatic a-amylase.

7. Describe carbohydrate digestion and a-glucosidases.

8. Distinguish between digestible and non-digestible carbohydrates.

Catecholamines

1. Discuss the physiological importance and response(s) of epinephrine.

2. In the metabolic pathway of catecholamine biosynthesis: identify the substrates, products and enzymes and discuss regulation (and release) of the pathway.

3. Identify the two main enzymes in catecholamine degradation.

4. Discuss how the b₂-adrenergic receptor releases Ga-GTP for stimulation of adenylate cyclase and how cAMP second messenger activates protein kinase A.

Fat Metabolism: Overview and Synthesis

1. Identify the names of the pathways associated with fat metabolism.

2. List the tissue associated with the pathways of fat metabolism.

3. Describe the steps and features of lipogenesis including key enzymes, coenzymes, sources of carbons and NADPH and the role of mitochondrial transport.

4. Discuss the key features of the esterification process.

Fat Metabolism: Degradation

1. Describe the pathway for lipolysis and the hormone sensitive lipase reaction.

2. Discuss the role of carnitine in fat degradation.

3. Describe the steps in b-oxidation of fatty acids that produce FADH2 or NADH, and discuss their relationship to energy production.

4. Compare the general features of fatty acid oxidation and biosynthesis.

5. Compare the degradation of odd-chain fatty acids with even chain fatty acids.

6. Identify the principal enzymes in the pathways for ketone body synthesis (ketogenesis) and oxidation.

7. Discuss the general events leading to ketosis and its normal physiologic prevention.

Fat Metabolism: Regulation and Integration

1. Describe how hormone sensitive lipase is regulated.

2 Describe the regulation of acetyl CoA carboxylase.

3. Discuss the coordinated control of fat synthesis and oxidation.

4. Compare energy production for ketones, palmitate and glucose.