Learning Objectives 4

Learning Outcomes 4

Overview of Nutrients

1. Define: essential nutrient, protein quality, ideal protein, essential amino acid, biological value, vitamin.

2. List the forms and identifying characteristics of each of the forms of malnutrition.

3. List and define the energy providing nutrients, their major functions in the body and the number of calories (Kcal) furnished by each.

4. Discuss the significance of ethanol as fuel and low vs. high alcohol intake.

5. For each of the 9 water soluble vitamins, list:

(a) major function(s)

(b) RDA (recommended daily allowance).

Vitamins of Carbohydrate and Nitrogen Metabolism

1. Explain how nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP⁺) containing enzymes function in energy producing pathways.

2. Explain how flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) containing enzymes function in energy producing pathways.

3. List key metabolic pathways in which NAD⁺, NADP⁺ and FAD participate.

4. Compare and contrast dietary and metabolic sources of niacin and riboflavin.

5. Identify the key metabolic pathways in which vitamin B₆ dependent enzymes participate.

6. Distinguish between the dietary and co-enzyme forms of niacin, riboflavin and pyridoxal (pyridoxine).

Antioxidants (Cobalamin and Folic Acid)

1. Identify the major active oxygen (AO) species and compare their relative reactivities.

2. Explain how the following AO species are generated intracellularly:

Singlet Oxygen

Superoxide Anion Radical

Lipid Peroxyl Radical

Hydroxyl Radical

3. List the harmful actions of AO species in cells.

4. Explain how vitamins C, E and the carotenoids act as cellular antioxidants.

5. Discuss the deficiencies, toxicities and RDA for vitamins C, E and the carotenoids.

6. Explain how folate is absorbed and transported.

7. Diagram the function, source, and deficiencies of folic acid and vitamin B₁₂ (cobalamin).

Nucleotides / Lipids

1. Sketch the structures of adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil, AMP, ADP and ATP.

2. Compare and contrast ribonucleoside and ribonucleotide.

3. Describe two reactions nucleotides can undergo and discuss their biochemical importance.

4. Discuss the three classes of lipids, their functions and give an example for each.

5. Diagram the formation of a triacylglycerol.

6. Discuss phospholipids, including sphingomyelin, and their importance as lung surfactants.

Purine and PyrimidineMetabolism

1. Identify the key steps and describe the regulation of purine biosynthesis.

2. Describe the purpose of the salvage pathway and the role of HGPRT.

3. Identify the steps in purine degradation and the product of this process.

4. Discuss the causes of the defects associated with Gout and Lesch-Nyhan Syndrome.

5. Identify the key steps and describe the regulation of pyrimidine biosynthesis.

6. Distinguish between the two forms of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase.

7. Identify the products of pyrimidine degradation .

8. Discuss the role of ribonucleotide reductase in the synthesis of deoxyribonucleotides.

9. Describe the role of thymidylate synthetase in nucleotide biosynthesis together with the function of folic acid.

10. Discuss the significance of chemotherapeutic agents (i.e. fluorouracil, methotrexate, deoxycoformycin, arabinoside-adenosine) in relation to nucleic acid synthesis.