Homework 6 (Due: Nov. 28, 2005)

Overview of Carbohydrate Metabolism

1. Define the following terms: monosaccharide, polysaccharide, asymmetric carbon, glycosidic bond and reducing sugar.

2. Identify the composition of the following disaccharides: a-lactose, b-sucrose and b- maltose.

3. Discuss the difference between insulin-sensitive and insulin-insensitive glucose transport.

4. Define the pathways of the carbohydrate system.

 

Introduction to Metabolism

1. Identify the key aspects of studying metabolism.

2. Define anabolism, catabolism, committed step, rate-limiting step and steady- state.

3. Explain the general types of metabolic regulation.

4. List the three energy storage forms and the five primary circulating fuels.

5. Identify where specific biochemical processes occur in the cell. (Review "The Cell")

 

Thermodynamics in Metabolism

1. List the general features and functions of ATP.

2. Define high energy phosphate transfer potential and identify ATP, phosphocreatine , 1,3- bisphosphoglycerate and phosphoenolpyruvate as high energy phosphorylated compounds.

2. Identify the various electron carriers.

3. Discuss the concepts of free energy change (DG) of reactions, the relationship between DG and DG0, and the equilibrium constant (Keq).

4. Describe the significance of the adenylate kinase reaction in metabolic regulation.

 

Glycolysis

1. Identify the enzymes, substrates and products of the glycolytic pathway.

2. Identify the enzymes of glycolysis that catalyze steps in which ATP is used or formed, and in which NADH is formed.

3. Compare the stoichiometry of energy production in anaerobic vs, aerobic glycolysis.

4. Differentiate between the isozymes of lactate dehydrogenase. (Review "Isozymes")

5. Describe the hepatic fructose and galactose pathways and identify their metabolic endproduct that is an intermediate of glycolysis.

 

Citric Acid Cycle

1. List the functions of mitochondria including metabolic processes associated with this organelle.

2. Identify the sources and fates of pyruvate and acetyl CoA.

3. For E1, E2 and E3 of the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex list their substrates and products, identify their co-factors giving the roles and vitamin sources, and discuss their regulation.

4. List the citric acid (tricarboxylic acid) cycle reactions, pay particular attention to the reactions associated with energy production (GTP, NADH, FADH2 formation) and describe their regulation.

5. Discuss the energy production from the citric acid cycle.

© Dr. Noel Sturm 2005